Abstract The continual celebration of a certain consciousness of manhood, of masculinity, of what it means to be male, has been rudely interrupted in the past fifteen years by the rise of movements against male chauvinism. The charge of chauvinism (or racism), reasonably enough, attempts to identify the ‘oppressor’ and separate him from the oppressed. But this is only the first step. To eliminate oppression, one has to destroy its social roots, and to do this one has to have at least some idea of the precise processes, interests, fears, repressions and institutional structures which create chauvinists (or racists). Without this, the implication might all too readily persist that the male is naturally a chauvinist (or the white a racist), and such a supposition if left unchallenged could actually fortify the oppression by uniting all males (or whites) on its side and providing them with an apparently biological basis for their behaviour.
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