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Abstract Parties live in diverse worlds. They live in the sphere of the state, largely controlling the selection of political personnel of all important institutions of the state. Some critics have warned that, once in government, they have virtually become the state (Katz and Mair 1995: 22). At the same time, they remain voluntary social organizations, whose viability depends also on their roots in society. It is exactly this dual role, as state actors and societal organizations, which makes political parties so essential for democratic governance. By connecting citizens with the institutions of the state, they represent a central linkage between citizens’ preferences and actions of democratic governments.
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