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Abstract Classification systems for disorders and diseases are of necessity designed for the convenience of the major disciplines involved. Psychiatry uses a system based on the psychiatric disorders, DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987, replaced by DSM-IV in 1994). Psychologists and educators prefer to focus on intellectual functioning and impairment, adaptive abilities, or personality characteristics. For neurologists, the neurological disorders are the primary focus. A panel on developmental neurological disorders (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke 1979) recommended a mixed system. Neuropsychological diagnostics can and does make use of all of these classification systems.Generally, classification systems have coped with the priorities of different disciplines by developing a multiaxial system (Rutter et al. 1988) that allows users to choose their own primary system while considering another system on a different axis in space. DSM-III-R lists the clinical psychiatric syndrome on axis 1, personality and developmental disorders on axis 2, physical disorders on axis 3, psychosocial stressors on axis 4, and adaptive functioning on axis 5. Intensive research has shown only moderate reliability and validity for all axes (Achenbach 1988). In addition, Tanguay (1984) suggested that DSM-III pays insufficient attention to developmental issues.
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