Mapping Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Developing Countries: Spatial Patterns of Sa˜o Paulo in the 1990s

Gilberto Câmara · Aldaíza Sposati · Dirce Harue Ueno Koga · Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro · Suzana Druck

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Latin American Urban Studies Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies Income, Poverty, and Inequality

Abstract

Abstract The concept of social exclusion was born in Europe, motivated by the sharp increase in the number of poor, whose numbers in the twelve countries of the EECwent from 38 million in 1975 to 53 million in 1992. First conceived in the 1960s in France (Klanfer 1965), in the last two decades social exclusion has become a major category of social thinking (Duffy 1995; Paugam 1991). Poverty implies exclusion from goods and services; social exclusion goes beyond income inequalities, to encompass denial or non-realization of civil, political, and social rights of citizenship (Room 1995).

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