Irish–English Bilingualism

Abstract

Abstract Ireland has experienced various forms of Irish–English bilingualism since the Anglo-Norman invasion of 1169. Prior to the sixteenth century English was mostly spoken in urban areas and in the region around Dublin called the Pale. The Statutes of Kilkenny (1366) reflected the perceived need to safeguard English language, customs, and culture among those of English descent. From 1600 on, the pressure for linguistic accommodation was felt much more keenly by the native Irish than by English town-dwellers. As second-language English competence among the Irish increased, it expressed itself in Irish/English code-mixing in a variety of literary genres in Irish, spanning the functional and creative realms. This chapter engages with Irish–English linguistic interaction in a wide variety of areas, including the public and private spheres, language register and domains, and community language shift.

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