Overview of childhood vaccination coverage in Brazil and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: Is our children’s health at risk? A review of pre-COVID-19 periods and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Jéssica Paula Martins · Giulia Almeida Alatzatianos · Taís Mendes Camargo · Fernando Augusto Lima Marson

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Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy COVID-19 epidemiological studies Immune responses and vaccinations

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 has had a great impact on several aspects related to the population’s health, including the vaccination adherence rate. This study describes how childhood vaccination coverage (CVC) in Brazil was affected by the pandemic in the period from 2020 to 2022 and explores the relationship between this data and the Human Development Index (HDI), and the number of votes received in the government with a right-wing political ideology. An ecological analysis of CVC was carried out including 12 vaccines. The HDI was evaluated considering the HDI-General (HDI), the HDI-Income, HDI-Longevity, and the HDI-Education. The percentage of valid votes received by the former president (right-wing political ideology) was also obtained. Spearman correlation tests were applied to compare markers. In the period analyzed, we observed a linear growth trend in CVC between 2015 and 2018 regarding all vaccines. However, from 2018 onwards, after the presidential elections in Brazil, the CVC reduced significantly, showing an even more pronounced decrease with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. This reduction in CVC observed for some vaccines was related to the higher percentage of votes for the government with a right-wing political ideology, especially in relation to the BCG (bacillus Calmette and Guerin) and pentavalent vaccines. In addition, when analyzing the HDI, we observed that the lowest values of this indicator were associated with a more expressive reduction in CVC, mainly related to yellow fever, pentavalent, 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate, human rotavirus, and triple viral (protecting against measles, mumps, and rubella – MMR) vaccines. Although Brazil has a successful and exemplary record in combating several diseases, mainly due to the high rate of CVC, the continuous reduction in this coverage must be thoroughly evaluated by health managers.

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References

2020Social media and vaccine hesitancy 2016Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States 2015Vaccine Hesitancy 2021Vaccine Hesitancy, Acceptance, and Anti-Vaccination: Trends and Future Prospects for Public Health 2021COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: misinformation and perceptions of vaccine safety 2011Successes and failures in the control of infectious diseases in Brazil: social and environmental context, policies, interventions, and research needs 2017Vaccine Hesitancy: Where We Are and Where We Are Going 202046 anos do Programa Nacional de Imunizações: uma história repleta de conquistas e desafios a serem superados

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