Development of a simplified new method of bone age estimation using three bones of the hand and wrist

Abstract

Abstract Though the Greulich and Pyle(GP) method is easy, inter-observer variability, differential maturation of hand bones influences ratings. The Tanner-Whitehouse(TW) method is more accurate, but cumbersome. A simpler method combining the above, such that it utilizes fewer bones without affecting accuracy, would be widely used and more applicable in clinical practice. Objectives:1.Devising a simplified method utilizing three bones of the hand and wrist for bone age(BA) assessment. 2.Testing whether the 3 bone method gives comparable results to standard methods (GP,TW2,TW3) in Indian children. Methods:Developmental stages and corresponding BA for radius, hamate, terminal phalanx (left middle finger) epiphyses combining stages from GP,TW3 atlases were described; BA were rated by two blinded observers. 3 bone method ratings were compared with the same dataset analyzed earlier using GP,TW2,TW3(4 raters). Results:Radiographs analysed:493 (Girls = 226). Mean chronological age:9.4 ± 4.6yrs, mean BA 3 bone:9.8 ± 4.8yrs, GP:9.6 ± 4.8yrs, TW3:9.3 ± 4.5yrs, TW2:9.9 ± 5.0yrs. The 3 bone method demonstrated no significant inter-observer variability(p = 0.3, mean difference = 0.02 ± 0.6yrs); a strong positive correlation (p < 0.0001) with GP(r = 0.985), TW3(r = 0.983) and TW2(r = 0.982) was noted. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement; the root mean square errors between 3 bone and GP,TW3,TW2 ratings were 0.6,0.7,0.6 years; mean differences were 0.19,0.49,-0.14 years respectively. Greatest proportion of outliers (beyond ± 1.96SD of mean difference) was between 6–8 years age for difference in 3 bone and GP, and between 4–6 years for difference in 3 bone and TW3,TW2. Conclusion:The 3 bone method has multiple advantages;it is easier, tackles differential maturation of wrist and hand bones, has good reproducibility, without compromising on accuracy rendering it suitable for office practice.

Cite this work

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 6 citations exist upstream.

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.