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It has been traditional to look upon the aging process as a continuous inexorable deterioration of both physiological and psychological functions. Theories of regression, either historic or formal, have been applied to cognitive processes especially. The general assumption is that cognitive or more specifically intellectual functioning reaches its peak in early adulthood, remains on a gently downward sloping plateau until late middle age and then declines in accelerating fashion until death. It has been argued that these functions can be divided into those underlain by crystallized intelligence (such as long-term memory, comprehension of information, etc.) and decline more slowly than those functions underlain by fluid intelligence (including acquisition of new knowledge, problem solving, etc.). Nevertheless, the overall pattern of aging remains one of deterioration and decline. There are enough individual and group exceptions to the expected patterns of behavior, however, to make a congenital skeptic question both the assumptions and the data and to argue for a radically different view of adult development and aging.
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