In my study of patronage (1982) three features of a patronal relationship were stressed as characteristic: ‘First, it involves the reciprocal exchange of goods and services. Secondly, to distinguish it from a commercial transaction in the marketplace, the relationship must be a personal one of some duration. Thirdly, it must be asymmetrical, in the sense that the two parties are of unequal status and offer different kinds of goods and services in the exchange - a quality which sets patronage off from friendship between equals.’ 1
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