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The pre-Islamic phase of west Eurasian history came to a violent close in the first third of the seventh century. The two established great powers, the East Roman empire centred on the Mediterranean and its continental adversary, the Sasanian empire, fought their last, longest and most ferocious war. This war deserves attention for its dramatic qualities: it is framed by two coups d’état , while a third had a decisive influence on its course, opening the way for Sasanian armies to reach the sea and to split the Roman Near East in two; the nomad powers of the north, Turks and Avars, were drawn into the fray in its third and final phase, successively imperilling each of the southern empires; and fortune finally abandoned the forces of the shahanshah Khusrau Abarvez and allowed the Roman emperor, Heraclius, to gamble all on one bold final throw, fraught with danger, and to win. 1
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