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Economic growth and population increase have exacerbated water scarcity and environmental issues by elevating demand, pollution, and climate change . To ensure food security and sustainability , it is essential to optimize the use of water and land resources in agriculture Numerous studies have explored this problem, focusing on cropping pattern optimization. This paper systematically reviews 162 articles on cropping pattern optimization (1996–2024), using statistical analysis to identify keywords and filter papers most relevant to agricultural resource allocation and cropping pattern optimization. Our review examines modeling characteristics, decision types, and approaches related to mathematical programming and the scope of research. Finally, a gap analysis is conducted to identify areas for further exploration. Our analysis revealed that the majority of studies were carried out in Asia . In the last decade, food security has significantly influenced optimal cropping patterns, with a trend toward the simultaneous allocation of land and water resources . Furthermore, multi-objective models are emerging in response to the need for sustainable solutions, while stochastic approaches predominate in modeling uncertainty. However, there is a need for more innovative methods to capture the inherent uncertainty of environmental parameters, particularly in the context of climate change where historical data is not reliable. The review highlights the need for integrating cropping pattern optimization with supply chain design and considering broader aspects such as international trade, seasonal uncertainty, and resource allocation. It also emphasizes the importance of incorporating diverse agricultural practices, managing agricultural waste, and aligning with farmers' preferences. By addressing these issues, the findings align with several Sustainable Development Goals , including zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, and responsible consumption and production, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, efficient resource use, and enhanced food security. Future research should focus on integrating interdisciplinary insights, leveraging advanced technologies, and fostering stakeholder partnerships to develop effective, sustainable agricultural systems and a climate-resilient system under increasing environmental uncertainties.
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