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Why ‘open’ AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters

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References

2013Coding Freedom459 cited
2023The uncontroversial ‘thingness’ of AI226 cited
2021The great Transformer: Examining the role of large language models in the political economy of AI191 cited
2021The steep cost of capture165 cited
2023Dislocated accountabilities in the “AI supply chain”: Modularity and developers’ notions of responsibility119 cited
2023Opening up ChatGPT: Tracking openness, transparency, and accountability in instruction-tuned text generators111 cited
2023The Gradient of Generative AI Release: Methods and Considerations90 cited

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2025Missed opportunities in AI regulation: lessons from Canada’s AI and data act14 cited
2025Surfacing citizens’ policy perspectives at scale in the age of large language models2 cited

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