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Exploring the Ethical Challenges of Conversational AI in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review
16 references·16 citing·35 second hopsampled
Exploring the Ethical Challenges of Conversational AI in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review (2025)Exploring the Ethical Challenges of Conve…To chat or bot to chat: Ethical issues with using chatbots in mental health (2023)To chat or bot to chat: Ethic…PRISMA2020 : An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020‐compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis (2022)PRISMA2020 : An R package and…An overview of and recommendations for more accessible digital mental health services (2022)An overview of and recommenda…The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews (2021)The PRISMA 2020 statement: an…Digital Mental Health for Young People: A Scoping Review of Ethical Promises and Challenges (2021)Digital Mental Health for You…Perceptions and Opinions of Patients About Mental Health Chatbots: Scoping Review (2020)Perceptions and Opinions of P…Effectiveness and Safety of Using Chatbots to Improve Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020)Effectiveness and Safety of U…Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now: Ethical Implications of Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy (2019)Your Robot Therapist Will See…Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Review of the Psychiatric Landscape (2019)Chatbots and Conversational A…Can Your Phone Be Your Therapist? Young People’s Ethical Perspectives on the Use of Fully Automated Conversational Agents (Chatbots) in Mental Health Support (2019)Can Your Phone Be Your Therap…Towards an Artificially Empathic Conversational Agent for Mental Health Applications: System Design and User Perceptions (2018)Towards an Artificially Empat…PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation (2018)PRISMA Extension for Scoping …An Empathy-Driven, Conversational Artificial Intelligence Agent (Wysa) for Digital Mental Well-Being: Real-World Data Evaluation Mixed-Methods Study (2018)An Empathy-Driven, Conversati…Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017)Delivering Cognitive Behavior…It’s only a computer: Virtual humans increase willingness to disclose (2014)It’s only a computer: Virtual…The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata (2004)The responsibility gap: Ascri…The Impact of Chatbots on Adolescent Mental Health Development: A Comprehensive Literature Review (2026)The Impact of Chatbots on Ado…Large Language Model–Based Chatbots and Agentic AI for Mental Health Counseling: Systematic Review of Methodologies, Evaluation Frameworks, and Ethical Safeguards (2026)Large Language Model–Based Ch…Gamification in Digital Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Engagement–Efficacy–Ethics Trilemma (2026)Gamification in Digital Menta…From Tool to Agent: A Semi-Systematic Review of Human–AI Alignment and a Proposed Tiered Healing Ecosystem for Mental Health (2026)From Tool to Agent: A Semi-Sy…Chaplains' Reflections on the Design and Usage of AI for Conversational Care (2026)Chaplains' Reflections on the…Assessing Generative AI Chatbots for Alcohol Misuse Support: A Longitudinal Simulation Study (2026)Assessing Generative AI Chatb…Artificial intelligence mediated emotional support in mental health and its ethical and governance implications in digital public health (2026)Artificial intelligence media…A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots (2026)A scoping review on the menta…The role of AI-driven art therapy in supporting autism, mental health, and emotional well-being: An umbrella review (2025)The role of AI-driven art the…Public Health Risk Management, Policy, and Ethical Imperatives in the Use of AI Tools for Mental Health Therapy (2025)Public Health Risk Management…Predicting Engagement With Conversational Agents in Mental Health Therapy by Examining the Role of Epistemic Trust, Personality, and Fear of Intimacy: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey Study (2025)Predicting Engagement With Co…Leveraging Large Language Models for Simulated Psychotherapy Client Interactions: Development and Usability Study of Client101 (2025)Leveraging Large Language Mod…Factors influencing perceived benefits and behavioral intention to use mental health chatbots among professional employees: an empirical study (2025)Factors influencing perceived…Conversational AI in Pediatric Mental Health: A Narrative Review (2025)Conversational AI in Pediatri…Between empathy and algorithms: Navigating interpersonal dynamics in AI-augmented mental health care- Discursive review (2025)Between empathy and algorithm…Artificial Intelligence for Mental Health Monitoring: A Solution for Digital Behavioral Health Care and Education—An Umbrella Review (2025)Artificial Intelligence for M…Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. (1988)The PHQ-9 (2001)Using thematic analysis in psychology (2006)Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework (2005)Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement (2009)Scoping studies: advancing the methodology (2010)The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews (2021)The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews (2021)Comparing effect sizes in follow-up studies: ROC Area, Cohen's d, and r. (2005)An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: A scoping review (2019)Systematic review and meta-analysis of AI-based conversational agents for promoting mental health and well-being (2023)AI4People—An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society: Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations (2018)A Call to Action on Assessing and Mitigating Bias in Artificial Intelligence Applications for Mental Health (2022)ChatGPT outperforms humans in emotional awareness evaluations (2023)Computer power and human reason (1976)Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika (2022)The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration (2009)The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration (2009)ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions (2016)Artificially intelligent chatbots in digital mental health interventions: a review (2021)Use of ChatGPT in academia: Academic integrity hangs in the balance (2023)Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement (2009)Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement. (2009)Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic (2021)PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews (2021)PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews (2021)Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector—Applications and Challenges (2018)In AI We Trust: Ethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Reliability (2020)The Ethical Implications of Using Artificial Intelligence in Auditing (2020)Psychological, Relational, and Emotional Effects of Self-Disclosure After Conversations With a Chatbot (2018)Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing in Mental Health: Systematic Review (2020)My Chatbot Companion - a Study of Human-Chatbot Relationships (2021)Artificial intelligence in systematic reviews: promising when appropriately used (2023)Sensitivity analysis in multi-criteria decision making: A state-of-the-art research perspective using bibliometric analysis (2023)Generative AI and Academic Integrity in Higher Education: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda (2025)
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References

  • 2021The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews107,380 cited
  • 2018PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation43,318 cited
  • 2022PRISMA2020 : An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA 2020‐compliant flow diagrams, with interactivity for optimised digital transparency and Open Synthesis3,462 cited
  • 2017Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial2,713 cited
  • 2004The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata1,095 cited
  • 2018An Empathy-Driven, Conversational Artificial Intelligence Agent (Wysa) for Digital Mental Well-Being: Real-World Data Evaluation Mixed-Methods Study1,061 cited
  • 2019Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Review of the Psychiatric Landscape1,025 cited
  • 2014It’s only a computer: Virtual humans increase willingness to disclose953 cited
  • 2019Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now: Ethical Implications of Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy854 cited
  • 2020Effectiveness and Safety of Using Chatbots to Improve Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis502 cited
  • 2022An overview of and recommendations for more accessible digital mental health services444 cited
  • 2020Perceptions and Opinions of Patients About Mental Health Chatbots: Scoping Review301 cited

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2018
Towards an Artificially Empathic Conversational Agent for Mental Health Applications: System Design and User Perceptions
272 cited
  • 2019Can Your Phone Be Your Therapist? Young People’s Ethical Perspectives on the Use of Fully Automated Conversational Agents (Chatbots) in Mental Health Support270 cited
  • 2021Digital Mental Health for Young People: A Scoping Review of Ethical Promises and Challenges242 cited
  • 2023To chat or bot to chat: Ethical issues with using chatbots in mental health225 cited
  • Cited by

    • 2025Conversational AI in Pediatric Mental Health: A Narrative Review32 cited
    • 2025Leveraging Large Language Models for Simulated Psychotherapy Client Interactions: Development and Usability Study of Client10120 cited
    • 2025Public Health Risk Management, Policy, and Ethical Imperatives in the Use of AI Tools for Mental Health Therapy15 cited
    • 2026Large Language Model–Based Chatbots and Agentic AI for Mental Health Counseling: Systematic Review of Methodologies, Evaluation Frameworks, and Ethical Safeguards13 cited
    • 2025Factors influencing perceived benefits and behavioral intention to use mental health chatbots among professional employees: an empirical study12 cited
    • 2025Predicting Engagement With Conversational Agents in Mental Health Therapy by Examining the Role of Epistemic Trust, Personality, and Fear of Intimacy: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey Study10 cited
    • 2025Artificial Intelligence for Mental Health Monitoring: A Solution for Digital Behavioral Health Care and Education—An Umbrella Review9 cited
    • 2026The Impact of Chatbots on Adolescent Mental Health Development: A Comprehensive Literature Review8 cited
    • 2025The role of AI-driven art therapy in supporting autism, mental health, and emotional well-being: An umbrella review6 cited
    • 2025Between empathy and algorithms: Navigating interpersonal dynamics in AI-augmented mental health care- Discursive review5 cited
    • 2026A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots5 cited
    • 2026Assessing Generative AI Chatbots for Alcohol Misuse Support: A Longitudinal Simulation Study4 cited
    • 2026Gamification in Digital Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review of the Engagement–Efficacy–Ethics Trilemma4 cited
    • 2026From Tool to Agent: A Semi-Systematic Review of Human–AI Alignment and a Proposed Tiered Healing Ecosystem for Mental Health3 cited
    • 2026Artificial intelligence mediated emotional support in mental health and its ethical and governance implications in digital public health3 cited
    • 2026Chaplains' Reflections on the Design and Usage of AI for Conversational Care2 cited