Ores and Metallurgical Slag from the Settlements of the Elenovka and Ushkatta Archaeological Microdistricts in the Orenburg Oblast

A. V. Fomichev · Maksim N. Ankushev · Dmitry A. Artemyev · Ivan A. Blinov

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Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis

Abstract

Abstract A study of the mineralogy and geochemical features of copper metallurgical slags and ore fragments from the Late Bronze Age settlements of Kuduksay and Ushkatta I in Orenburg oblast is carried out. Settlements located near Elenovskoe and Ushkattinskoe ore sources. In ancient times, the upper horizons of the oxidation zone were subject to exploitation. The final metal was pure copper with a low trace elements content. Metal smelting took place in an oxidizing (rarely weakly reducing) atmosphere without the use of fluxes. The marker of ores mined at Elenovskoe and Ushkattinskoe is an association of tourmaline of the dravite-schorl series, and W-containing rutile and monazite. Some of the ores, judging by the findings at the Bronze Age sites of the Southern Trans-Urals, could have been exported to the north.

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References

2007The Archaeometallurgy of Copper 2019Trace Elements of Cu-(Fe)-Sulfide Inclusions in Bronze Age Copper Slags from South Urals and Kazakhstan: Ore Sources and Alloying Additions 2016Metallurgical Production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age 2019Mineralogy of slags: A key approach for our understanding of ancient copper smelting processes 2021From Ore to Metal:Exploitation of the Novotemirsky Mine, Southern Trans-Urals, in the Second Millennium BC 2021Social Practice and the Exchange of Metals and Metallurgical Knowledge in 2nd Millennium Central Asia 2024Non-ferrous metal of the Bronze Age of Northern Kazakhstan: geochemical characteristics and ore base

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2025New data on the chronology, composition of copper-base artifacts and the organization of the Alakul metal production in the Southern Trans-Urals Bronze Age settlements 2026HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF MINING AND METALLURGY MONUMENTS OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE IN MUGODZHARY IN 1950S–1980S

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