Between Mandarin and dialects: linguistic microaggressions in China’s multilingual landscape

Abstract

Linguistic microaggressions, which are subtle and often unintentional verbal or behavioural indignities, are prevalent in multilingual societies. In China, where Mandarin and regional dialects coexist, these microaggressions manifest in interactions between speakers of different linguistic varieties. Despite the growing recognition of language-related discrimination, research on linguistic microaggressions in multilingual settings remains limited. This study explores the forms and effects of linguistic microaggressions in interactions between Mandarin speakers and speakers of regional dialects in China. Using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 15 participants from diverse linguistic and regional backgrounds, three key themes emerged: (1) microassaults – overt linguistic discrimination, (2) microinsults – implicit undermining of dialects, and (3) microinvalidations – dismissal of dialectal experiences. The findings reveal how these microaggressions shape social boundaries, with dialect speakers often positioned as outsiders in contexts where Mandarin is more commonly used, while Mandarin speakers face challenges in contexts where dialects are more prevalent. The results highlight the fluid and context-dependent nature of linguistic boundaries in China, where language serves both as a tool for social distinction and a marker of cultural identity in contemporary China.

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