Suicide-related stigma and its relationship with help-seeking, mental health, suicidality and grief: scoping review

Jessica M Wyllie · Kathryn A. Robb · David M. Sandford · Marianne E. Etherson · Nadia Belkadi · Rory C. O’Connor

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Suicide and Self-Harm Studies Mental Health Treatment and Access Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Suicide-related stigma (i.e. negative attitudes towards people with suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours as well as those bereaved by suicide) is a potential risk factor for suicide and mental health problems. To date, there has been no scoping review investigating the association between suicide-related stigma and mental health, help-seeking, suicide and grief across several groups affected by suicide. AIMS: To determine the nature of the relationship between suicide-related stigma and mental health, help-seeking, grief (as a result of suicide bereavement) and suicide risk. METHOD: This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327093). Five databases (Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, Embase, ASSIA and PubMed) were searched, with the final update in May 2024. Studies were included if they were published in English between 2000 and 2024 and assessed both suicide-related stigma AND one of the following: suicide, suicidal thoughts or suicidal behaviours, help-seeking, grief or other mental health variables. Following screening of 14 994 studies, 100 eligible studies were identified. Following data charting, cross-checking was conducted to ensure no relevant findings were missed. RESULTS: Findings across the studies were mixed. However, most commonly, suicide-related stigma was associated with higher levels of suicide risk, poor mental health, lowered help-seeking and grief-related difficulties. A model of suicide-related stigma has been developed to display the directionality of these associations. CONCLUSIONS: This review emphasises the importance of reducing the stigma associated with suicide and suicidal behaviour to improve outcomes for individuals affected by suicide. It also identifies gaps in our knowledge as well as providing suggestions for future research.

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2018PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation 2008Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews 2002A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.2010The interpersonal theory of suicide.2015Suicide and suicidal behaviour 1989A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment 2002The Paradox of Self-Stigma and Mental Illness 2010Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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