This article presents a systematic literature review to explore the roles of non-profit organizations (NPOs) in co-production. While numerous studies have focused on NPOs’ engagement in co-production with the government, scholarly attention to their involvement with citizens remains limited. Although shared missions and collaborative efforts exist, these relationships exhibit asymmetry. There is a predominant focus on NPOs’ role in service delivery rather than their deeper involvement in policy making. Additionally, the factors that affect NPOs in co-production are often scattered and have yet to be examined. Despite the recent growth of the literature, the roles of NPOs in co-production are intricate and require further elucidation.
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