Intuitive and analytical identification of landscape locality: a dual-process approach to historic and imitation heritage districts in Jiangnan water towns

Abstract

Commercialization often leads to a loss of authenticity in historic districts. While most research focuses on fixed spatial or psychological elements, few examine the cognitive processes that shape how people perceive landscape locality. This study uses dual-process theory to explore how intuitive (System 1) and analytical (System 2) thinking influence such perceptions. Results show that intuitive responses dominate in historic districts, whereas analytical reasoning compensates for the perceived inauthenticity of imitation sites. Sociocultural background exerts a stronger influence than demographic traits among individual-level factors. Analytical identification is best predicted by street spatial proportions, while vegetation density supports intuitive recognition through biophilic responses. By viewing landscape locality as a cognitive process rather than a fixed attribute, this study offers new insights into cultural heritage planning. Integrating psychological theory with urban design may help balance preservation and commercialization, supporting both the UNESCO bid for Jiangnan water towns and broader heritage policy worldwide.

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