Challenging traditional masculinity: minority norms and the reimagining of male gender roles

Abstract

Rigid traditional masculinity norms are linked to emotional suppression and relational strain, particularly among heterosexual men. This research examined whether sexual orientation shapes masculinity-related attitudes and whether exposure to sexual minority norms can shift them. In Study 1 (N = 250, U.S.), heterosexual men endorsed traditional masculinity more strongly and reported lower emotional vulnerability than gay men. These differences were mediated by less embracement of non-traditional domestic and relational roles. In Study 2 (N = 293, U.K.), heterosexual men exposed to narratives of gay men embracing non-traditional roles showed reduced masculinity endorsement and increased emotional vulnerability. Perceptions of generational shifts remained high across conditions. Sexual minority norms can thus promote more inclusive masculinities through minority influence.

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