Conceptual Errors

Abstract

Abstract Conceptual errors are error types that arise when reasoning about observations at many levels, from processing data and analyzing them statistically to conventional logic (and its fallacies) and interpretive practices (some shaped by heuristics and inherent cognitive biases). They include overgeneralizations, faulty assumptions, theory-laden judgment and confirmation bias, heuristic gaps, cognitive lapses, unaddressed alternatives, cryptic alternatives, and various forms of cultural bias—such as those based on religion, gender, race, class, or politics.

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