Gardening and Healthy Aging in the Sardinian Blue Zone

Abstract

Successful aging relies on cognitive and physical reserves built over a lifetime. Cognitive reserve (i.e. a set of cognitive resources and strategies acquired throughout one’s life) helps counteract cognitive decline, while physical reserve (i.e. the ability to maintain physical efficiency despite pathological conditions or injuries) supports efficiency despite aging-related challenges. Engaging in cognitively, physically, and socially stimulating activities by midlife slows cognitive deterioration. This study examined the impact of gardening/yard work on cognitive reserve, physical performance, and executive functioning in older adults since gardening/yard work involves moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA). It also explored the relationships among these factors. Methods: The study included 132 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 81.6 years, SD = 8.3; range: 65–101) from Sardinia’s Blue Zone, a geographical area known for exceptional longevity. Participants completed tests assessing cognitive reserve and executive functioning. PA levels, including amount and intensity, were objectively measured with accelerometers over seven days. Gardening/yard work was associated with higher cognitive reserve, improved visuo-spatial cognitive flexibility, and greater PA levels, particularly of moderate-to-vigorous intensity. Significant correlations were found among cognitive reserve, PA, and executive functioning. In conclusion, an active lifestyle in later life, especially through physically and cognitively stimulating activities like gardening, supports successful aging.

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