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Preventive conservation and restoration of mural paintings in hypogean environments is a significant challenge. These types of settings are particularly difficult to manage due to their peculiar morphological and microclimatic features. Since its foundation in 1939, the Central Institute for Restoration (Istituto Centrale per il Restauro—ICR) within the Italian Ministry of Culture has been engaged in the prevention and safety of these unique cultural heritage assets. Starting from a holistic analysis of vulnerability and hazards specific to hypogean environments, this study examines the main risks and corresponding conservation strategies. Particular attention is given to the impact of residual risk on restoration decision-making, with the aim of defining logistical and operational requirements to carry out sustainable and enduring interventions in these complex settings. The compatibility and durability of restoration materials under hypogean conditions are also examined. Furthermore, thanks to funding provided by the PNRR CHANGES project, a few research directions are proposed to address unresolved issues through the investigation and assessment of innovative products and methodologies. This review aims to lay the foundation for the development of guidelines incorporating protocols for the conservation and restoration of mural paintings in hypogean contexts, with particular attention to the needs and constraints imposed by these specific environments.
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