Nigeria–China relations have evolved into one of the most significant examples of South–South economic interdependence, characterized by trade expansion, infrastructure investment, and industrial cooperation. This review paper examines the dynamics of this bilateral relationship through the lens of economic interdependence theory, analyzing how trade flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and technology transfers shape Nigeria’s industrial growth and infrastructure development. It explores how Chinese financing mechanisms—particularly under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)—have influenced Nigeria’s transportation, power, and manufacturing sectors, while also assessing the structural vulnerabilities created by debt exposure and import dependency. The paper synthesizes evidence from macroeconomic data, policy reports, and previous empirical studies to evaluate whether Nigeria’s industrialization trajectory reflects mutual benefits or asymmetric dependency. Furthermore, it highlights the role of institutional frameworks, domestic policies, and local capacity in mediating these outcomes. The study concludes that while China’s engagement has accelerated Nigeria’s infrastructure development and industrial capacity expansion, sustainable benefits require strategic negotiation, technology localization, and diversification of partnerships. By offering a balanced appraisal of opportunities and constraints, this paper contributes to ongoing debates on Africa–China economic relations and proposes a policy framework for achieving equitable, innovation-driven industrial growth within an interdependent global economy.
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