Articlehybrid2025

Life-Span Theory and Successful Aging: Analysis of Habits and Behaviors of Older Adults in the Blue Zones

Adriana da Silva Silveira · Andiara Cossetin · Camila Kunh Viera · Klaus Vargas Karnopp · Bruna Laís da Veiga Kazmirczuk · Solange Beatriz Billig Garcês

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Aging and Gerontology Research Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues Aging, Health, and Disability

Abstract

Objective: The study aims to analyze the habits and behaviors of older adults in Blue Zones (places of high longevity) from the perspective of Paul Baltes' Life-Span Theory and Successful Aging, with a view to inspiring public policy. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on the Life-Span Development Theory (Baltes, 1987; Baltes; Baltes, 1990a, 1990b; Neri, 2006), as well as recent studies on longevity and well-being in Blue Zones (Buettner, 2018; Buettner, 2023), which view aging as a continuous, multidimensional, and plastic process, and the SOC (Selection, Optimization, and Compensation) model is used to structure successful aging, linking it to the nine lifestyle pillars identified in the Blue Zones (Okinawa, Sardinia, Ikaria, Nicoya, and Loma Linda). Method: The qualitative research method, bibliographic and descriptive in nature, based on the interpretive analysis of the principles of Life-Span Theory (Baltes) and articulated with the habits and behaviors documented about long-lived populations. Results and Discussion: The lifestyle patterns of the Blue Zones—such as natural movement, existential purpose (Ikigai), dietary moderation, and strong social bonds—demonstrate the Life-Span principles in practice. Longevity results from the effective application of the SOC Model, where the selection of meaningful goals and the optimization/compensation of resources sustain plasticity and continuous adaptation. Implications for Research: The study reinforces the need for public policies that encourage continuous learning, intergenerational integration, and the strengthening of community ties, offering subsidies for the promotion of Active and Successful Aging in a context of accelerated population aging. Originality/Value: The work integrates Life-Span Theory with current empirical evidence on longevity, transcending the biomedical view and reinforcing the crucial role of culture, social context, and self-regulation in human development.

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References

1990Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation 1987Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline.1997On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory.1990Successful Aging 2007Life Span Theory in Developmental Psychology 1980Life-Span Developmental Psychology 2023Hobby engagement and mental wellbeing among people aged 65 years and older in 16 countries 2021The future of aging in smart environments: Four scenarios of the United States in 2050

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