The metalwork hoard from Czarków, Gliwice District, Silesian Voivodeship: discovery context, elemental composition, and wear analysis

Kamil Nowak · Dawid Sych · Beata Badura · Paweł Derkowski

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Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts Ancient and Medieval Archaeology Studies Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis

Abstract

The Czarków hoard, discovered accidentally in 1875, probably during agricultural work, comprised 21 bronzeartefacts and ceramic vessel fragments, presumably the original container. The assemblage includes socketed axes of Lusatian and Middle Danubian types, a tanged sickle, and a spearhead.Metallurgical analysis indicates the use of tin bronze with low tin and trace levels of arsenic, antimony, nickel, silver, and lead. Both local and non-local artefacts share similar metal compositions.Use-wear and manufacturing traces confirm that all axes underwent finishing and use, with evidence of blade hammering and socket edge modification, particularly on the Lusatian types. Transverse grinding traces suggest resharpening prior to deposition.Comparative studies date the hoard’s inventory to the Late Bronze Age HB2-HB3 phases (ca. 1000-750 BC).

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References

2016Metalwork wear analysis: The loss of innocence 2003The Use and Significance of Socketed Axes During the Late Bronze Age 2014Traceology on Metal. Use-Wear Marks on Copper-Based Tools and Weapons 2013Prehistoric copper from the Eastern Alps 2020Influence of conservation of copper and bronze artefacts on traces of production and use-wear 2023A complex case of trade in metals: The origin of copper used for artefacts found in one hoard from a Late Bronze Age Lusatian Urnfield Culture in Poland 2021FIRST ARCHEOMETALLURGICAL RESULTS OF BRONZE AND IRON AGE OBJECTS FROM NORTH MACEDONIA 2022Use-wear analysis of copper-alloy artifacts. A window of opportunity or a dead end?

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