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Female shamans (miko) who transmitted the voices of the dead or departed have been active in Japan from ancient times to the present day. Particularly those in the far northeast and on the southernmost islands have been subject to much fieldwork and study. Yet most such research lacks a historical dimension. This paper seeks to offer some historical contextualization and analysis of female shamans in the Kanto region during the Edo Period (1600-1868). The study focuses on the control of miko by the institution headed by Tamura Hachidayu, miko occupations, anti-miko discourse, and the end of miko organizations during the early Meiji period. It suggests that miko institutions underwent considerable historical transformation over time and that miko practices were far more heterogeneous than is usually assumed.
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