The topics of religion and spirituality, so important to the vast majority of the world's population, today and for countless millennia, virtually disappeared from the psychological literature for nearly a century. This chapter addresses five specific aims. It analyzes the psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the Scioli Hope Scales. The chapter discusses the use of an English translation version of the Arabic Scale of optimism and pessimism (ASop) as well as the Kuwait university anxiety Scale (KUAS). It also analyzes levels of non-spiritual and spiritual hope in American and Kuwaiti young adults. The chapter shows compared levels of optimism, pessimism, and anxiety across the two cultures. It finally examines the relationships between non-spiritual and spiritual hope and measures of optimism, pessimism, and anxiety. Keywords:anxiety; hope; Kuwait university anxiety Scale (KUAS); optimism; pessimism; spirituality
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