Article2007

Epidemiology of Insomnia: a Longitudinal Study in a UK Population

Hannah Morphy · Kate M. Dunn · Martyn Lewis · Peter R. Croft

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Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence, persistence, and consequences of insomnia and their associations with psychological health and pain. DESIGN: A population based, longitudinal, cohort study using postal questionnaires at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Sleep problems in the past month were assessed using 4 questions: insomnia was defined as having at least 1 of the sleep problems "on most nights." Questions about psychological health, presence of pain at different sites, and demographic details were included in the questionnaire. SETTING: Five general practices in Staffordshire, UK. PARTICIPANTS: The questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 4885 adults aged 18 years and over registered with these practices. There were 2662 questionnaires returned. RESULTS: Of the responders, 2363 completed all 4 sleep questions at baseline: 870 (37%) had insomnia and 1493 (63%) did not have insomnia. Of those without insomnia at baseline, the incidence of insomnia at 12 months was 15%, and this was significantly associated with baseline anxiety, depression, and pain. Of those who did have insomnia at baseline, 69% had insomnia at 12-month follow-up; persistence of insomnia was significantly associated with older age. Insomnia at baseline was significantly associated with incidence of anxiety, depression, and widespread pain at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia is common and often persistent. Older people appear more vulnerable to persistent symptoms. Our results provide evidence that the common problems of insomnia, pain, and psychological distress are intertwined and suggest that combined approaches to treatment may be needed to reduce the onset and persistence of these problems in the community.

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References

1983The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 2002The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 2002Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn 1989Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?1989Epidemiologic Study of Sleep Disturbances and Psychiatric Disorders 1988A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research 1985Insomnia and Its Treatment 2005Epidemiology of Insomnia, Depression, and Anxiety

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2017Anxiety and depression as bidirectional risk factors for one another: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.2020Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences 2011Insomnia and the Performance of US Workers: Results from the America Insomnia Survey 2009The Natural History of Insomnia 2015Mindfulness Meditation and Improvement in Sleep Quality and Daytime Impairment Among Older Adults With Sleep Disturbances

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