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Introduction 1. Utterances, Sentences, Clauses, and Phrases The Most Important Parts of SpeechSounds: Phones, Phonemes, and AllophonesForms: Morphemes and Allomorphs/z/ -- A Highly Productive English Morpheme/d/ -- Another Highly Productive English MorphemeProblems with /d/Note 2. Verbs, Tenses, Forms, and Functions Conjugating a VerbThe Nine Morphological Patterns of Irregular VerbsVerb Tenses and Auxiliary Verbs: The Nonmodal Auxiliaries (Do, Be, Have) and the Modal Auxiliaries The Compound Tenses: Future and Conditional Verb Tenses' Meanings and Uses Notes 3. Basic Structures, Questions, Do-Insertion, Negation, Auxiliaries, Responses, Emphasis, Contraction The Five Basic StructuresTwo Different Types of QuestionsThe Role of the First Auxiliary (aux)Nonmodal Auxiliaries Be/Do/Have Can also Be Used as Lexical VerbsWh-Words as Subjects vs. Wh-Words as ObjectsSelection QuestionsDeclarative QuestionsEcho QuestionsTag QuestionsInvariant TagsElliptical ResponsesEmphasis and Emphatic StructuresContractions: A Summing UpNote 4. Modals, Prepositional and Particle Verbs, Transitivity and Voice, and Conditionality Modals and PerimodalsTwo-Word Verbs: Prepositional Verbs vs. Particle VerbsTransitivity: Active Voice, Passive VoiceIntransitive Verbs and VoiceReal-World Use of the English Passive: Pragmatic Constraints and Agent-Phrase Addition GET PassivesConditionality 5. Some Components of the Noun Phrase: Forms and Functions Person and NumberGenderCaseExpressing Possession: Genitives and PartitivesPartitive-Genitive ConstructionsDeterminers, Common/Proper Nouns, and Mass/Count NounsMass Nouns and Count NounsMass-to-Count ShiftsDual-Function Nouns: Nouns That Are Both Mass and CountPronounsPro-Words: Pronoun-Like Words for Clauses, Phrases, Adjectives, and AdverbsNote 6. Adjectives and Relative Clauses Attributive and Predicate Adjectives: Identification and SyntaxThe Syntax of Prenominal Attributive AdjectivesAdjectives and Adverbs: The Comparative and Superlative FormsRelative Clauses, Relative Pronouns, and Their AntecedentsWhen to Use Who and When to Use WhomDeleting Relative Pronouns: Creating Gaps and the Process of GappingThe Twenty Types of Relative ClausesRestrictive and Nonrestrictive (Relative) ClausesRelative Pronoun Clauses with Present Participles/Gerunds and with Past ParticiplesNotes 7. Adverbs, It and There Referentials and Non-Referentials, and Fronting AdverbsIt as a Referential, It as a NonreferentialAdverb Referential There, Existence-Marking Nonreferential ThereEmphasis by Peak Stressing, Solo Fronting, or Cleft FrontingNote 8. Compound Sentences: Coordination, Subordination Compound SentencesCoordinate SentencesSubordinate SentencesTenseless ComplementsThe That-ClauseThe Infinitive ComplementInfinitive Complement with Equi-DeletionInfinitive Complement with Raising to ObjectGerund ComplementPurpose ComplementsMiscellaneous Complementation PatternsSummary of All Clausal Complementation Patterns Appendix Glossary of Terms Index
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