Adverse effects of private supplementary tutoring : Dimensions, implications and government responses

Mark Bray

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Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities Parental Involvement in Education Diverse Education Studies and Reforms

Abstract

Private supplementary tutoring is defined here as tutoring in academic subjetcs (such as languages and mathematics), and is provided by the tutors for financial gain, and is additional to the provision by mainstream schooling. It does not include extra-curricular subjects such as soccer and ballet, and it does not include extra lessons given by teachers or familiy members on a voluntary basis. The problematic side of tutoring includes distortion of the mainstream curricula, pressure of young pupils, exacerbation of social inequalities, and manipulation of clients by tutors.

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References

1978Longman dictionary of contemporary English 2002Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update 1996The Chinese Learner: Cultural, Psychological, and Contextual Influences.1992Shadow Education and Allocation in Formal Schooling: Transition to University in Japan 2001Worldwide Shadow Education: Outside-School Learning, Institutional Quality of Schooling, and Cross-National Mathematics Achievement 2003Demand for private supplementary tutoring: conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong

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2009Private Tutoring in English for Secondary School Students in Bangladesh 2013The Mathematics Skills of School Children: How Does England Compare to the High Performing East Asian Jurisdictions?2004Private Tutoring: how prevalent and effective is it?2014The demand for shadow education in China: mainstream teachers and power relations 2010The history of policy responses to shadow education in South Korea: implications for the next cycle of policy responses 2008Private supplementary tutoring among primary students in Bangladesh 2017

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