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From protest to proactive action: building institutional accountability through struggles for the right to housing Celestine Nyamu-Musembi When are struggles for basic rights by weak social groups able to have an impact on public institutions and make them more responsive and accountable? 1 This chapter responds to this question by drawing from the experience of an ongoing struggle by council tenants in Mombasa, Kenya for decent housing conditions, secure tenure, functioning urban services, and an end to the grabbing of public land in the municipality.2 Lessons from social movement literature suggest that in assessing the impact or effectiveness of such struggles it is necessary to pay attention not only to internal factors such as how the movement is organised, what resources it is able to mobilise, and the terms in which it articulates its claims, but also to external factors such as the nature of the state, the configuration of public institutions and the broader political context (Tarrow 1998; McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly 2001).In a paper exploring how citizens' exercise of voice may more directly influence policy and service delivery, and how public
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