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The San Fernando, California, earthquake was the first in the United States to be associated with surface faulting in an urban area. Maximum components of displacement across the ruptured fault zone were 1.8 ft (0.5 m) horizontal shortening, 6.2 ft (1.9 m) left lateral slip, and 4.6 ft (1.4 m) vertical slip. Damage was concentrated in the zone of faulting, particularly in areas of large or concentrated fault displacement. Horizontal shortening caused buckling of foundations, floors, pavements, and pipelines, or slippage between these structures and the adjacent ground, which locally caused additional damage at nearby locations. Lateral slip caused shearing, stretching, and compressional damage. Vertical displacements caused tilting and fracturing of buildings, pavements, and pipelines. Field reconnaissance studies in 1977 revealed that, with the exception of the change of land use at one site from hospital to commercial-industrial, the 1971 faulting has had no apparent influence on land use in the fault zone. Buildings have been repaired, new buildings have been built, and freeway interchange has been constructed across the trace of the 1971 fault rupture. /Author/
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