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This paper reviews the background and current potential for transit-taxi service implementation in the United States and abroad. It documents the early tasks of a project aimed at improving the mobility of people during off-peak, low-demand times of the day through innovative and alternative public transport services. To identify optimal transit-taxi concepts, relying on a review of the relevant literature, we have designed a classification system defined by combinations of three service design options – fixed route, fixed-route with deviation, or hybrid/feeder service – and three operational strategies – using in-house vehicles and labor, contracting out services, or relying on the private market to meet demand. Case studies investigating these various possibilities were performed and analyzed. The research shows that most combinations of these three transit-taxi service concepts and operational strategies have been implemented in actual nighttime transit-taxi service and are currently still in use. The research conducted thus far, in concert with forthcoming institutional interviews and modeling, will help determine a specific transit-taxi pilot project implementation in California.
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