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Social housing is a very significant tenure for Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders (Indigenous people) in Australia with three in ten Indigenous households living in social housing. Demand for social housing from Indigenous applicants is also high due to population and household growth, the lower average incomes in this group, the significant numbers of homeless Indigenous people, and barriers faced by many Indigenous people in accessing private rental and home ownership, including affordability and discrimination. The central concern of this research is how social housing is provided to Indigenous households in urbanised areas of Australia, where an estimated 80 per cent of Indigenous social housing tenants live. Underpinning the study is the viewpoint that social housing in all areas should be provided in ways that are consistent with cultural values and Indigenous aspirations. Accordingly, this research examines the cultural appropriateness of service responses across the social housing system to the diversity of housing needs of Indigenous people in Australian cities and towns. A key theme is the respective roles of mainstream and culturally specific housing services and how effectively these are integrated across the service system. We have focused on urban areas for this study for several reasons. These include: High reliance of Indigenous people living in towns and cities on social housing. Recent devolution of responsibility to state and territory governments for housing Indigenous people living in non-remote locations after a long period of shifting intergovernmental roles and blurred responsibilities. Current debates, especially within the government sphere, about appropriate forms of service provision in social housing that are centred on the respective roles of, and connections between, mainstream and specialised agencies. Limited comparable research. While the geographic scope of the study is urban, we acknowledge that urban and remote housing issues for Australia's first peoples have common underpinnings, including the legacy of historical alienation and racism, profound economic disadvantage, social exclusion and cultural damage. Other significant contextual factors influencing the study have included 'whole-of-government' policy aims and targets to 'close the gap' in Indigenous disadvantage; growing development and application of culturally adapted policy and service frameworks by mainstream human service providers; and development in all jurisdictions under Council of Australian Governments (COAG) leadership of specific 'urban and regional service delivery strategies' for Indigenous households. (Appendix 1 gives more details on this policy context.).
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