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A study of Paul's παρρσία promises to relate his letters to a key concept shared by ancient politics, rhetoric, and philosophy. By the time of the Pauline epistles, the nature of free speech was a controversial matter. Philosophers took the position that the basis of free speech was moral, not civic, freedom. Epictetus and Dio Chrysostom rejected the Cynic view that self-confidence is sufficient authority for bold speech. Friendship was a presupposition for the administration of παρρσία in Epicurean groups. Philodemus exhorted the older members to teach the duties of friendship to recent converts. The second proof of Paul's confidence consists of two examples, one negative (3:13-15) and the other positive. Apologies customarily employed both positive and negative examples as proofs. After Paul's defense of his ministry in 2: 17-4:6, there is decreasing emphasis on legitimation and greater attention given to friendship and reconciliation. Keywords: Dio Chrysostom; Epictetus; friendship; Pauline epistles; Philodemus
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