Beyond Behavior: Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Sociodemographics and School Characteristics on Students' Risk of Suspension

Amanda L. Sullivan · David A. Klingbeil · Ethan R. Van Norman

127 citations0/0 files storedSchool Psychology Review

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Education Discipline and Inequality Behavioral and Psychological Studies Legal Issues in Education

Abstract

.Minority disproportionality in school discipline outcomes continues to trouble practitioners and scholars. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of school policy enactment (e.g., retention rates, special education identification) on students' risk of suspension. The sample consisted of archival student and school-level data for approximately 18,000 kindergarten through 12th-grade students in 39 schools of a Midwestern school district. We used multilevel logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression to estimate students' risk of receiving one or more suspensions. Results indicated that gender, race, disability, and socioeconomic status were significantly related to suspension risk, but that school variables reflecting school-level demographics, performance, and teacher characteristics were not. Implications for future research, service delivery, and policy development are discussed.

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References

2014Education and Treatment of Children 2010Journal of Negro Education 2002The Color of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality in School Punishment 2011Race Is Not Neutral: A National Investigation of African American and Latino Disproportionality in School Discipline 2012Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues 2010The Achievement Gap and the Discipline Gap 2008Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools?: An evidentiary review and recommendations.2001Zero tolerance, zero evidence: An analysis of school disciplinary practice

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2019Structural racism as the fundamental cause of the academic achievement gap 2020Racial Disparities in Elementary School Disciplinary Actions: Findings From the ABCD Study 2017A Multilevel Analysis of Statewide Disproportionality in Exclusionary Discipline and the Identification of Emotional Disturbance 2018Caste and control in schools: A systematic review of the pathways, rates and correlates of exclusion due to school discipline 2021

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