Perhaps because of the rapid expansion of English for science and technology (EST) in the last 50 years, science and technology were an early focus for English for specific purposes (ESP) researchers. This chapter starts with the widest focus, disciplinary culture, and values. To become a member of a science discourse community, a student needs to participate in and come to regard as natural, research science values. Having identified work-related genres and/or pedagogical student genres, the EST teacher must consider how best to teach them in order to provide access to the discourse community. The grammatical and lexical features of language used for specific purposes are by definition specialized and not a routine part of a native speaker's repertoire. Written genres, especially the research article, have been the major focus of research to date.
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