论以语言学习者为中心 = Focus on the language learner : approaches to identifying and meeting the needs of second language learners

Abstract

Preface Acknowledgements PART ONE: BASIC ISSUES Introduction 1. The learning part The learning process Learners' aims Learners' expectations The eclectic approach 2. The language part Linguistic analysis Rules and explanations Communicative competence 3. The analysis part The inevitable numbers The research question Further reading PART TWO: WHAT LEARNERS NEED TO KNOW Introduction Analysis in terms of communicative competence Analysis from the 'inside' perspective Analysis of needs at four levels of generality 4. Global needs analysis A welfare case An agricultural case An engineering case Involving the learners 5. Grammatical-rhetorical needs analysis 1. Form and function in native speaker performance For special purposes: written language For special purposes: spoken language 2. Inherent variability in native speaker performance Eyewitness accounts Native speakers aren't perfect 6. Review of techniques Further reading PART THREE: WHAT LEARNERS DO AND DO NOT KNOW Introduction 7. Grammatical competence 1. Investigating grammatical competence Stating the rules Discrete-point and integrative measures Grammaticality judgments and making corrections 2. Variability in learner language Degrees of accuracy The influence of cohesion and communicative pressure 8. Sociolinguistic competence 'What would you say if ...' On teaching speech acts 1. Investigating learners' sociolinguistic skills Taking turns Have we got the right script? 2. An alternative approach Fostering interactive learning The four components Frameworks for reflection 9. Strategic competence 1. Using a task-based methodology 'The three legs' 'The arm of the chair is ... when you use for to write' 2. Communication strategies 3. Fostering strategic competence Classroom activities Identifying the essential structure Maintaining a balance 10. Some methodological issues in investigating learner language The addressee The topic The task The data analysis Further reading PART FOUR: GETTING THE LEARNERS' VIEWS Introduction Questionnaires Diaries, observations, and interviews 11. The confidence factor Very confident wrong answering Individual self-monitoring ability Accuracy and self-monitoring 12. The perception of improvement Measuring change over time What improves when accuracy doesn't? Conclusion and speculations Further reading Bibliography Appendices 1 Informal needs assessment 2 Supermarket story 3 Grammaticality judgment exercise (relative clauses) 4 Tape-recording interaction by learners 5 Description tasks 6 Assembly tasks 7 Narrative tasks 8 Communication strategy classwork 9 Exercises used for self-monitoring study Index

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