This chapter is concerned with two processes that are central to language variation and change. The first of these, dissociation can occur at any time, given appropriate external triggers, whereas the second, supraregionalisation, is an historical process that normally happens once, at a particular time in the development of a country. The first section of this chapter presents a detailed discussion of supraregionalisation in Irish English and illustrates what sub-processes are involved here and the trajectories they take. The second section examines to what extent dissociation is a significant and quantifiable factor in language change. The two externally motivated processes considered in the chapter are characterised by a movement away from vernacular speech by a group of speakers. A supraregional variety is largely defined in phonological terms and there may be an exonormative standard for written forms. Dissociation s not internally motivated as in analogical change such as morphological regularisation.
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