Self-Esteem, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status: Their Relation to Perceptions of Constraint on Leisure Among Adolescents

Abstract

This study was based upon a model of constraints on leisure originally proposed by Crawford and Godbey (1987), and elaborated upon recently by Crawford, Jackson, and Godbey (1991). The study sought to determine whether perceptions of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints on leisure were related to self-esteem, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). The sample consisted of 363 male and female grade 12 students from three high schools located in a suburb of Toronto, Canada. An instrument developed by the authors was used to measure the perception of constraints related to starting a new leisure activity, while the Rosenberg Self-esteem scale was used as a global measure of self-esteem. Self-esteem was found to be negatively related to the perception of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and total constraints on leisure; subjects with low self-esteem reported higher amounts of constraint. Females were found to have significantly lower self-esteem and significantly higher amounts of intrapersonal and total constraints than males. SES was negatively related to the perception of intrapersonal constraints, but was unrelated to perceptions of interpersonal and structural constraints. The results of the study suggest that the Crawford et al. (1991) model is useful in assessing constraints on leisure. Methodological and practical implications of the study are discussed, and directions for subsequent study are proposed.

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