Abstract This chapter surveys this history of thinking about mental duality, looking at precursors and related theories in philosophy and psychology, and giving a detailed account of the origins of modern dual-process and dual-system theories themselves. The first section looks at theories of mental division from Plato to Freud, focusing in particular on claims in the philosophical literature. The second section surveys relevant work in experimental psychology from the nineteenth through to the mid-twentieth century. The third section charts the history of modern dual-process theories in specific fields. The fourth section describes the subsequent development of dual-system approaches. The fifth section considers the contribution of contemporary philosophy, where several researchers have developed dual-process theories of their own. The last section offers some speculations about the future development of dual-process ideas.
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