Methods in Psychological Research

Abstract

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction to Research in Psychology Objectives Acquiring Knowledge About the World Psychology--Science and Art Critical Thinking Objectives of Science The Tenets of Science The Scientific Method Theories, Concepts, and Hypotheses Why We Do Research Approaches to Research Steps in Planning and Doing Research Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 2. Understanding the Research Literature Objectives Searching the Literature The Research Article Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 3. Research In Psychology: An Ethical Enterprise Objectives General Principles Ethical Standards Special Populations Internet Research Bias and Intellectual Honesty Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 4. Hypothesis Testing, Power, and Control: A Review of the Basics Objectives Three Levels of Hypotheses Testing the Null Hypothesis Statistical Significance Inferential Errors: Type I and Type II Power and How to Increase It Effect Size Power and the Role of Replication in Research External and Internal Validity Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 5. Measuring Variables Objectives Ways of Asking Questions Measuring Observed Behavior The Importance of Precision in Measurement Tests, Scales, and Inventories Commercially Available Tests and Inventories Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 6. Selecting Research Participants Objectives Sampling Methods Sample and Effect Size Power Revisited Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects Reference 7. Experimental Design: Independent Groups Designs Objectives Why We Do Experiments How We Do Experiments: Independent Groups Designs Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 8. Experimental Design: Dependent Groups and Mixed Groups Designs Objectives Dependent Groups Designs Mixed Designs Chapter Summary Answer to Conceptual Exercise FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 9. Experimental Design: Single-Participant Designs/The Operant Approach Objectives Single Participant Design and the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Concepts in the Experimental Analysis of Behavior ABA and ABAB Withdrawal Designs Multiple Baseline Design Alternating Treatment Design Changing Criterion Design Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Participant Designs Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 10. Finding Relationships Among Variables: Nonexperimental Research Objectives Quasi-Experiments Longitudinal Research Cross-Sectional Research Case Studies Correlational Research Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 11. Data Collection Methods Objectives Observational Research: Observing the Behavior of Individuals Advantages and Disadvantages of Observational Research Survey Research: Asking People Questions About Their Behavior Observing Group Behavior: The Focus Group Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects Appendix: Ways to Increase Response Rates to Mail-Out Surveys References 12. Program Evaluation, Archival Research, and Meta-Analytic Designs Objectives Program Evaluation Archival Research Meta-Analysis Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects References 13. Your Research Project: Analyzing, Interpreting, and Presenting Your Research Objectives What Are Statistics and Why Are They Necessary? Making Inferences From Your Data Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ 14. Communicating in Psychology Objectives Writing in Psychology Presenting Research in Writing Other Ways of Presenting Research Chapter Summary Answers to Conceptual Exercises FAQ Chapter Exercises Chapter Projects Appendix: Research Report Checklist Glossary Index About the Authors

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