Articlehybrid2013

Gender differences in the effects of deployment-related stressors and pre-deployment risk factors on the development of PTSD symptoms in National Guard Soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan

Melissa Anderson Polusny · Mandy J. Kumpula · Laura A. Meis · Christopher R. Erbes · Paul A. Arbisi · Maureen Murdoch +3 more

84 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Psychiatric Research

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research Migration, Health and Trauma Gender, Security, and Conflict

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Although women in the military are exposed to combat and its aftermath, little is known about whether combat as well as pre-deployment risk/protective factors differentially predict post-deployment PTSD symptoms among women compared to men. The current study assesses the influence of combat-related stressors and pre-deployment risk/protective factors on women's risk of developing PTSD symptoms following deployment relative to men's risk. METHOD: Participants were 801 US National Guard Soldiers (712 men, 89 women) deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan who completed measures of potential risk/protective factors and PTSD symptoms one month before deployment (Time 1) and measures of deployment-related stressors and PTSD symptoms about 2-3 months after returning from deployment (Time 2). RESULTS: Men reported greater exposure to combat situations than women, while women reported greater sexual stressors during deployment than men. Exposure to the aftermath of combat (e.g., witnessing injured/dying people) did not differ by gender. At Time 2, women reported more severe PTSD symptoms and higher rates of probable PTSD than did men. Gender remained a predictor of higher PTSD symptoms after accounting for pre-deployment symptoms, prior interpersonal victimization, and combat related stressors. Gender moderated the association between several risk factors (combat-related stressors, prior interpersonal victimization, lack of unit support and pre-deployment concerns about life/family disruptions) and post-deployment PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated PTSD symptoms among female service members were not explained simply by gender differences in pre-deployment or deployment-related risk factors. Combat related stressors, prior interpersonal victimization, and pre-deployment concerns about life and family disruptions during deployment were differentially associated with greater post-deployment PTSD symptoms for women than men.

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References

2005Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication 2005Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication 2000Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults.2004Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care 2003Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis.2006Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research.2008Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery 2008Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis.

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