AMBIGUITY WHEN PERFORMANCE IS MEASURED BY THE SECURITIES MARKET LINE

Richard W. Roll

439 citations0/0 files storedThe Journal of Finance

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Financial Markets and Investment Strategies Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance Risk and Portfolio Optimization

Abstract

Imagine an idealized analog to the activities of professional money managers, a contest whose rules are as follows: (a) Each contestant selects a portfolio from a specified set of individual assets. (b) Returns are observed on the assets. (c) After each period of return observation, the portfolios are re-balanced to the initial selections. (d) After an interval consisting of several periods, "winners" and "losers" are declared for that interval. (e) Contestants choose a new portfolio, or keep the old one, and the process (b) through (d) is repeated. (f) After several intervals, consistent winners are declared to be superior port- folio managers and consistent losers are declared inferior. In the absence of any consistency, everyone is declared non-superior.

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1964CAPITAL ASSET PRICES: A THEORY OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM UNDER CONDITIONS OF RISK*1965The Valuation of Risk Assets and the Selection of Risky Investments in Stock Portfolios and Capital Budgets 1976The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing 1975THE VALUATION OF RISK ASSETS AND THE SELECTION OF RISKY INVESTMENTS IN STOCK PORTFOLIOS AND CAPITAL BUDGETS**This paper is another in a series of interrelated theoretical and statistical studies of corporate financial and investment policies being made under grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, and more recently the Ford Foundation, to the Harvard Business School. The generous support for this work is most gratefully acknowledged. The author is also much indebted to his colleagues Professors Bishop, Christenson, Kahr, Raiffa, and (especially) Schlaifer, for extensive discussion and commentary on an earlier draft of this paper; but responsibility for any errors or imperfections remains strictly his own.[Professor Sharpe's paper, “Capital Asset Prices: A Theory of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions of Risk” (Journal of Finance, September 1964) appeared after this paper was in final form and on its way to the printers. My first section, which parallels the first half of his paper (with corresponding conclusions), sets the algebraic framework for sections II, III and VI, (which have no counterpart in his paper) and for section IV on the equilibrium prices of risk assets, concerning which our results differ significantly for reasons which will be explored elsewhere. Sharpe does not take up the capital budgeting problem developed in section V below.]1959Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversification of Investments 1968THE PERFORMANCE OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN THE PERIOD 1945–1964 1972Capital Market Equilibrium with Restricted Borrowing 1977

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