Referential Comparisons, Relational Comparisons, and Exchange Orientation: Their Relation to Marital Satisfaction

Bram P. Buunk · Nico W. Van Yperen

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Abstract

Employing a sample of 214 individuals, this study showed that most individuals felt the input/outcome ratio in their marital relationship was better than that of most same-sex others (referential comparisons) but equal to that of their spouse (relational comparisons). Perceptions of superiority in referential comparisons and of equity in relational comparisons were accompanied by the highest level of marital satisfaction. However, further analyses showed that only for individuals high in exchange orientation was equity related to marital satisfaction and that individuals low in exchange orientation were, overall, more satisfied with their relationship. Women were more deprived and less satisfied, especially when they were high in exchange orientation. The results are related to the controversy surrounding the application of equity theory to close relationships. In addition, the cognitive mechanisms that help individuals maintain a positive view of their marital relationship are considered.

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References

1954A Theory of Social Comparison Processes 1988Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health.1980Unrealistic optimism about future life events.1980Review of personality and social psychology 1983Review of personality and social psychology 1989Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes.2006European Journal of Social Psychology 1976A model of egoistical relative deprivation.

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