A Social-Psychological Model of Human Crowding Phenomena

Daniel Stokols

292 citations0/0 files storedJournal of the American Institute of Planners

No readable copy stored yet — this record is metadata only.

No open-access location is known for this record yet.

Literature note Cite in a project Citation map

Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics Urban Design and Spatial Analysis Place Attachment and Urban Studies

Abstract

Previous research on crowding has generally lacked a theoretical perspective. Moreover, there has been a tendency to view crowding in terms of spatial considerations alone and a failure to distinguish between the physical condition (density) and the psychological experience (crowding). In the present discussion, a heuristic model of human crowding phenomena is proposed which permits an integration of various theoretical perspectives and the derivation of experimental hypotheses. Although the limitation of space remains as the essential ingredient of crowding, the proposed model introduces personal and social variables which have a direct bearing on a person's perception of spatial restriction as well as on his attempts to cope with this constraint. The relation between the dimensions of the model is examined in terms of social-psychological theory. Finally, a program for future research is discussed.

Paper brief

Loading…

Cite this work

Citation unavailable for this work.

BibTeX RIS CSL-JSON

No public copy is stored for this record, so only the metadata is cited.

Citations in this library

Citation map →

Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 292 citations exist upstream.

References

1957A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance 1966Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.2017A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance 1959The Social Psychology of Groups 1981Sociology and Social Research 1968A Theory of Psychological Reactance 1959The Silent Language 1956Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments

Cited by

2012Tourist crowding perception and acceptability in cities 2005Rail passenger crowding, stress, health and safety in Britain 1979Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research.1973Physical, Social, and Personal Determinants of the Perception of Crowding 1976Differential response to anticipated crowding: Psychological effects of social and spatial density.1975An experimental study of crowding: Effects of room size, intrusion, and goal blocking on nonverbal behavior, self-disclosure, and self-reported stress.

Explore the map →

Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.

Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.