Evaluation of manganese-bodies removal in historical stained glass windows via SR-μ-XANES/XRF and SR-μ-CT

Simone Cagno · Gert Nuyts · Simone Bugani · Kristel De Vis · Olivier Schalm · Joost Caen +4 more

30 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry

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Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis Conservation Techniques and Studies Building materials and conservation

Abstract

The speed and effectiveness of a conservation treatment used for stained glass windows have been investigated. Dark-coloured Mn-rich stains can be found in the alteration layer of ancient glass artefacts and cause the surface to turn brown/black: this phenomenon is known as Mn-browning or Mn-staining. While in glass manganese is present in the +II or +III oxidation states, in the Mn-rich bodies, manganese is in a higher oxidation state (+IV). In restoration practice, mildly reducing solutions are employed to eliminate the dark colour and restore the clear appearance of the glass. In this paper the effectiveness and side effects of the use of hydroxylamine hydrochloride for this purpose are assessed. Archaeological fragments of stained glass windows, dated to the 14th century and originating from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge (UK), were examined by means of synchrotron radiation (SR) based microscopic X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (μ-XANES) and microscopic X-Ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) and with high resolution computed absorption tomography (μ-CT) before, during and after the treatment. The monitoring of the glass fragments during the treatment allows us to better understand the manner in which the process unfolds and its kinetics. The results obtained reveal that the hydroxylamine hydrochloride treatment is effective, but also that it has a number of unwanted side effects. These findings are useful for optimizing the time and other modalities of the Mn-reducing treatment as well as minimizing its unwanted results.

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References

2005Archaeological glass alteration products in marine and land-based environments: morphological, chemical and microtextural characterization 2004Potassium–Calcium Glass: New Data and Experiments*2006Leaching studies on naturally weathered potash-lime–silica glasses 2006Minerals discovered in paleolithic black pigments by transmission electron microscopy and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure 2006Water diffusion in silicate glasses under natural weathering conditions: evidence from buried medieval stained glasses 2006A Study on Corrosion Processes of Archaeological Glass from the Valencian Region (Spain) and its Consolidation Treatment 2004Statistical evaluation of potash-lime-silica glass weathering 2010MANGANESE STAINING OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL GLASS: THE CHARACTERIZATION OF Mn-RICH INCLUSIONS IN LEACHED LAYERS AND A HYPOTHESIS OF ITS FORMATION

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2015Browning Phenomenon of Medieval Stained Glass Windows 2015Micro-XANES study on Mn browning: use of quantitative valence state maps 2014Composition and state of alteration of 18th-century glass finds found at the Cistercian nunnery of Clairefontaine, Belgium 2015Application of a spoked channel array to confocal X-ray fluorescence imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of medieval stained glass

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