NEIGHBORHOOD INEQUALITY, COLLECTIVE EFFICACY, AND THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF URBAN VIOLENCE*

Jeffrey D. Morenoff · Robert J. Sampson · Stephen W. Raudenbush

1,871 citations0/0 files storedCriminology

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Crime Patterns and Interventions Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies Health disparities and outcomes

Abstract

Highlighting resource inequality, social processes, and spatial interdependence, this study combines structural characteristics from the 1990 census with a survey of 8,872 Chicago residents in 1995 to predict homicide variations in 1996–1998 across 343 neighborhoods. Spatial proximity to homicide is strongly related to increased homicide rates, adjusting for internal neighborhood characteristics and prior homicide. Concentrated disadvantage and low collective efficacy—defined as the linkage of social control and cohesion—also independently predict increased homicide. Local organizations, voluntary associations, and friend/kinship networks appear to be important only insofar as they promote the collective efficacy of residents in achieving social control and cohesion. Spatial dynamics coupled with neighborhood inequalities in social and economic capacity are therefore consequential for explaining urban violence.

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References

1999Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control 1973The Strength of Weak Ties 1997Self-efficacy: the exercise of control 1990Foundations of social theory 1995Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA 1997Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy 1988Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models 1979Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach

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