Systematic reviews from astronomy to zoology: myths and misconceptions

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to clarify its significance in relation to other clinical manifestations. METHODS A cross sectional study on lupus retinopathy was made in 69 patients with SLE. One expert ophthalmologist examined the ocular fundi of the lupus patients without any information of their disease state. Clinical and laboratory findings in the patients with retinopathy and those without were compared. RESULTS Retinopathy was found in 7/69 (10%) patients. The findings included haemorrhages, vasculitis, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates, all of which were considered to reflect vascular damage. Retinopathy was found to be associated with the presence of anticardiolipin antibody (p<0.05) and with central nervous system lupus (p<0.01). The patients with retinopathy had higher levels of serum creatinine than the patients without retinopathy (p<0.01). The disease activity of lupus, as assessed by the maximum SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score of the patients, was also significantly higher in the patients with retinopathy (p<0.03). CONCLUSION Incidence of retinopathy in SLE was similar to that in previous reports and it may reflect tissue microangiopathy, particularly associated with vasculitis or anticardiolipin antibodies, or both.

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