Article2001

Infant affective responses to mother's still face at 6 months differentially predict externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 18 months.

Ginger A. Moore · Jeffrey F. Cohn · Susan B. Goodman Campbell

171 citations0/0 files storedDevelopmental Psychology

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Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum Child and Animal Learning Development

Abstract

This study investigated (a) stability and change in infant affective responses to the still-face interaction, (b) whether maternal depression affected infant responses, and (c) whether responses to the still-face interaction predicted toddler problem behaviors. Infants (63 girls and 66 boys) of European American mothers (67 depressed and 62 nondepressed) were observed in the still-face interaction at 2, 4, and 6 months. Affect and gaze were coded on a 1-s time base. There were stable individual differences in gazing away and in rates of negative affect. Developmental change occurred only for gazing away, which increased. At 18 months, infants who failed to smile at 6 months in the still-face interaction showed more externalizing-type behaviors than did other toddlers. Infants who failed to cry at 6 months showed fewer internalizing-type behaviors. Mothers' current depressive symptoms and infants' earlier responses to the still-face interaction made independent, comparable contributions to problem behaviors at 18 months.

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References

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Cited by

2005Infant Emotional and Cortisol Responses to Goal Blockage 2009Relational psychophysiology: Lessons from mother–infant physiology research on dyadically expanded states of consciousness 2006Infant and maternal behavior moderate reactivity to novelty to predict anxious behavior at 2.5 years 2004Infant Affect During Parent—Infant Interaction at 3 and 6 Months: Differences Between Mothers and Fathers and Influence of Parent History of Depression 2010Maternal anxiety, mother–infant interactions, and infants’ response to challenge 2015Musical affect regulation in infancy

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